Understanding Boat Prop Torque

A boat is propelled by horsepower. To propel the boat the horsepower is converted into a twisting force. This twisting force is the boat prop torque. This twisting force is the force that rotates a propeller.

The maximum torque of most boat engines occurs below the maximum RPM specified in the manual of the engine. This usually poses a problem when selecting a prop. A propeller is chosen so that the engine runs close to the specified RPM. The torque is usually 50 percent of the RPM on a high-speed engine. The ideal propeller torque should be about 70-85 percent of the top RPM of the engine. This will give greater efficiency, speed, and fuel efficiency and enhance engine longevity.

When a single propeller is used to drive a boat there is a torque reaction between the prop and the hull. This reaction is called the heeling torque. When the propeller moves in one direction it causes an equal and opposite torque in the direction of the turning of the propeller. This causes the hull to heel or tilt away from the direction in which the propeller is turning. Large boats have two propellers to reduce heeling. The starboard propeller is right-handed while the port propeller is left-handed. The hull and type of boat impact the heeling torque of a boat.

Torque causes the boat to roll. When a propeller turns clockwise, the water resists the clockwise movement of the prop. When water resists the clockwise rotation, the boat rolls slightly in the opposite direction, counterclockwise or down on the left port side and up on the right starboard side. To offset this imbalance the driver's seat on a boat is placed on the starboard or right side of the boat. Different boats roll in different ways as they react to the torque of a propeller. Discussing the needs of the individual boater's needs with the manufacturer or dealer will help the boater obtain the propeller with the ideal prop torque for the type of use, boat, and engine.

The height at which the motor is placed on the transom impacts the torque of the propeller. If the motor is placed too low on the transom, the height of the motor on the transom is the reason why the boat moves without proper direction when the boater lets go of the steering wheel. If the motor is placed too low on the transom, the boat prop torque pulls the boat on one side. If the engine is placed too high on the transom then the torque reduces. The torque will be insufficient to help the steering of the boat.

When a boat moves in a restricted space, the torque is the main determining factor of its performance. Torque affects the sideways movement of a boat. When the boat is being docked, the correct torque is required for greater accuracy in steering.

 

 

Torque Wrench - A Tradesmen Guide

 There are two basic types of torque wrenches on the market, what is called "beam" wrenches and "micrometer" wrenches. Beam wrenches count on the built-in flexibility of any material. As torque is applied, the wrench flexes, while another rod, with a pointer at the end, indicates torque being applied on a scale.

Micrometer wrenches are pre-set to the required torque on a vernier scale. An internal spring-loaded mechanism measures the torque. When the bolt is tightened to the desired torque it "clicks."

Of the two types of torque wrenches, the micrometer wrench is the more accurate. Typically, they are rated as being accurate to four percent of the torque set. However, this accuracy can easily be lost if the wrench is not reset to zero before storage. Beam wrenches don't have this possibility of losing their accuracy but are less accurate right out of the box. The accuracy of these beam wrenches is typically 12 percent but can be less on higher torque settings, especially if the operator's hand is shaking from the pressure they are applying.

If you are buying a torque wrench for your car, you should buy a 1/2 inch square drive tool, as 3/8 in drive tools only work on lower torque settings (typically below manufacturer's specifications). Adapters are available to reduce the 1/2 inch square drive to 3/8 inch square to fit the more common socket size that most people have.

When tightening a bolt to the proper torque, your hand which is pulling the wrench must be cantered on the handle of the wrench. Having it too close or far from the socket affects the ultimate torque value you are tightening to. Moving your hand closer to the socket reduces the total "foot-pounds" of torque you are applying while moving it away, closer to the end of the wrench increases the "foot-pounds of torque you are applying."

Most manufacturers of torque wrenches supply them with a plastic storage box to protect them. They also often come with the 1/2 inch to 3/8 inch square drive adapter; some even come with a drive extension.

Torque wrenches are precision tools and should be treated as such. Although most micrometer wrenches have a reversible ratchet head, they really should not be used as a ratchet, and especially not as a breaker bar. Most people who break their torque wrenches do so by trying to loosen an overly tight bolt with it. This overly stresses the internal mechanism, causing it to break, especially if the micrometer isn't set to a higher torque value than the pressure that is being applied.

 

Capping Machines for the Packaging Industry

 While different cap types and sizes are seemingly unlimited, it takes a surprisingly low number of capping machines to cover a majority of caps. Of course, unique and rare container tops may require custom capping machinery. For almost all other caps, a small group of capping machines will "seal" the deal.

SPINDLE CAPPERS

Spindle capping machines are probably the most popular capping machine produced for the packaging industry. These cappers use sets of matched discs to spin caps down onto bottles or other containers as they pass through the capping area on a conveyor system. Normally, three or four sets of discs will be used to gradually tighten caps. Elevators or vibratory bowls assist these continuous capping machines by delivering caps to each bottle, leaving the operator of the machine to simply replace bulk caps as needed. These capping machines can handle a wide range of screw-type caps, including flat caps, sports caps, trigger sprayers, and many more. Many different containers, including F-style containers (think of anti-freeze, a long narrow container with a handle), can be run on the spindle capper and multiple containers require minimal changeover. The versatility and ease of operation are two factors that make this capping machine popular.

CHUCK CAPPERS

Chuck capping machines are similar to spindle cappers in that they work with screw caps. Chuck cappers normally consist of a metal chuck and a rubber insert matched to the capsize. Once a bottle is in place under the capping head, the chuck descends to apply consistent torque to each bottle and cap combination. Automatic chuck cappers may include multiple chucks to increase the capping machine speed. Handheld, semi-automatic, and tabletop chuck cappers will usually cap one bottle at a time. While one chuck and chuck insert can handle different capsizes, a facility running both small and large caps may require multiple chucks and/or chuck inserts. Chuck cappers are ideal for flat caps, but some modifications to the chuck and inserts allow for other screw-type caps to be run as well.

SNAP CAPPERS AND LID PRESSERS

Snap cappers and lid pressers are both used for non-screw-type tops. Rather than being torqued onto the bottle, snap-type tops are simply applied using pressure and normally held in place by a lip on the container. The pressure is applied via a declined belt or a simple plunger depending on the application. Paint cans may work well in a lid presser, while plastic containers for some food and beverage products would use a press-on belt to avoid damaging the containers themselves. Snap cappers can be constructed very similar to spindle cappers, with the spindle sets replaced by the decline belt, allowing snap caps to be sealed continuously as well, caps permitting. Spindle cappers and snap cappers can also be combined on one capping machine to handle an even wider range of cap types and sizes.

Bottled Water Packaging Machinery

 Though the bottled water industry has been around for some time now, annual consumption of the beverage continues to grow. As a multi-billion dollar industry, new bottled water plants arise regularly, using packaging machinery to meet the high demands for the product. Below are a few pieces of packaging equipment common to the bottled water industry.

AIR RINSING MACHINE

Bottled water is a product that is ingested by the end-user. As such, it is important - in some cases required - that the bottler keep the product free from contamination. Inverting air rinsers are used to clean water bottles of dust and debris before the introduction of the water. Each cycle of bottles is indexed into the rinse area of the machine, where they are secured by bottle grabbers and inverted over a rinse basin. Once inverted, jets of air are blasted into the containers to loosen dust and debris that may have accumulated during the production of the bottles or in the transportation or storage of the bottles. The debris falls into the rinse basin and the cleaned containers are returned to the power conveyor to move to the filling machine. Rinsing machines may also use water or other solution to clean bottles and custom rinsing machinery is available for semi-automatic or manual processes.

OVERFLOW FILLING MACHINE

The overflow filling machine can be manufactured as an automatic, semi-automatic, or tabletop packaging machine, based on the production level required. One main advantage of overflow filling equipment is the ability of the machine to fill bottles to the same level, even if the interior volume of the bottles varies slightly. Given that a majority of bottled water is packaged in clear, plastic containers, the overflow filler helps to ensure that each bottle appears equally full and serves to make the product aesthetically pleasing on the shelf.

The overflow filler achieves this goal by using diving nozzles that create a seal on each bottle opening. The product enters the bottle through a port at the tip of the nozzle. Once the water reaches a certain level in the bottle, it is returned to the product supply tank via an overflow port, ensuring that each bottle reaches its target height.

SPINDLE CAPPING MACHINES AND CHUCK CAPPERS

Spindle cappers are most often found on inline bottled water packaging systems. These capping machines allow continuous capping of water bottles by utilizing a cap delivery system. The caps are placed into a cap elevator or a vibratory type bowl which orients and delivers caps to the capping machine. The machine then uses sets of spinning discs to consistently tighten each cap onto the water bottle. Gripper belts are used to stabilize bottles as they move through the capping machine to avoid spills, tipping, and incorrectly applied caps.

Chuck cappers may also be seen on a bottled water line, though they are most often used as a substitute for a spindle capper on a semi-automatic or manual packaging line. Chuck cappers will normally use an aluminum chuck and a rubber chuck insert to tighten caps. As each bottle moves into position under the chuck, it descends to cover the cap and spins to apply torque, again allowing consistent tightening of each cap.

LABELING MACHINES

Labeling machines for bottled water products can vary greatly depending on the bottle and label type being used. Automatic labeling machines exist to apply wrap labels around round bottles of water, front and back labels to square bottles of water, or even neck labels on various uniquely shaped bottles. Automatic labelers work with power conveyors to apply one label to each bottle that passes through the machine. Many times, a bottle separator will be used to ensure consistent, wrinkle-free application by providing a slight gap between each bottle that passes through the labeler.

Cap Torque Tester and Packaging Control

 The torque tester is used to control the opening and closing torque of products that are equipped with a screwing or twisting closure cap.

CAPPING MACHINE ADJUSTMENT.

It will allow you to measure with precision the torque of the screwing head. 3 possible devices:

1-AT2E BT ETA Torque - wireless torque bottle gauge. (Available also in version "Top Load" - BT ETA Force to measure the axial load of the capping head).

Advantage: Maximum torque measurement under real conditions at the full production speed. Allows a quick preventive analysis of equipment without disassembling the machine.

Disadvantages: The statistics (Lot Number, Product Name, Operator Name, Number Line, acceptable limits) are not included in the captured data and should be handled separately. No print or data transfer capability.

2-AT2E BT ETA 5 - Based on the cap torque tester TMV5 system

Advantage: All the functionality of TMV5 (Touch Screen, Statistics, connections to printers or PC) Achieves nominal speed during the starting phase but does not correspond to full speed conditions.

Allows for quick preventive analysis of equipment without disassembling the machine. Disadvantages: Cannot make measurements at full speed. The bottle has to be placed inside the capping machine 3 steps before screwing the head. Achieves nominal speed during the starting phase but does not correspond to full speed conditions.

3-AT2E TM + Torque wrench gauge based on TMV5 technology.

Advantage: All the functionality of TMV5 (Touch Screen, Statistics, connections to printers or PC) with a static measurement.

Disadvantages: Depending on the capping machine having enough space, some parts may have to be removed. The measurement is made when the equipment is stopped so the results will not be 100% representative of full-speed production.

PRODUCTION LINE CONTROL

Once torque tolerances have been defined, the cap torque tester is used as a torque control device on the final product. If the measurement is out of the limits, the capping machine needs to be adjusted. Depending on the production process, it could be necessary to control the opening torque, 24hours after the packaging process. Temperature variations can modify product characteristics with the result of different torque measurements.

PACKAGING DEVELOPMENT.

This torque tester is required during the packaging design. It could be used as a destructive tester to identify if there is any material weakness of the packaging during the screwing process. It also allows defining the torque tolerances of the capping machine. The lower torque limit is considered as the minimum pressure of the cap to avoid any leak of the product. This torque test needs to be combined with a leak test with a secure seal analyzer. The higher torque limit is the maximum strength of the customer to open the product.

How to Choose the Right Torque Testing Equipment

If you produce beverages in the foodservice industry, you need to make sure you have the right bottles to protect your products while also meeting the expectations of your customers and clients. You need to think about the design of your bottles, their overall appearance, and the amount of torque required to open them. Torque is important because it seals your beverages while also instilling confidence in your consumers. If you want to make sure your bottles have the right torque, you need to use the right torque testing equipment. How can you use the right torque testing equipment for your needs?

Consider the Size and Shape of Your Bottles

If you are looking for torque testing equipment, such as a spring torque tester, you need to think about the size and shape of your bottles. Even though some torque testing devices are versatile, not every bottle is going to be compatible with every torque testing equipment. Take a closer look at the size and shape of your bottles. Then, make sure they will be compatible with your torque testing equipment. If you use a standard bottle, it should be compatible with most torque testing equipment.

Think About the Durability of Your Bottle Cap Torque Tester

Then, you need to think about the durability of your handheld bottle cap torque tester. Even though you are probably looking to minimize your overhead expenses, you also need to think about the durability of your testing equipment. You may have found the cheapest option available, but if it breaks before you can test all of your bottles, this is not helpful. Make sure the equipment you purchase is durable enough to test all of your bottles thoroughly.

Examine Reviews and Ratings for Ease of Use

Before you purchase products online for yourself, you probably take a look at reviews and ratings. You need to do the same thing if you are looking for bottle torque testing equipment. Take a look at what other people have to say. In particular, consider the ease of use of the equipment. You might have found the best advice in the world, but if it is difficult to learn how to use, you might not benefit from it. Make sure you take a look at the details before you decide which equipment to go with.

Reach Out to a Professional for Advice

Because there are so many options available, you may have a difficult time deciding what equipment is right for you. You might want to reach out to a professional who can point you in the right direction. There might be different torque testing for alcoholic beverages, carbonated beverages, and standard bottled water. An expert can help you figure out what torque testing equipment is best for your needs. That is where we would be happy to assist you.

Trust the Team at SecurePak for Help with Your Torque Testing Needs

If you are looking for help with your bottle cap torque testing, it would be our pleasure to assist you. We are SecurePak, and we are proud to be among the leaders in bottle cap torque testing. We provide torque testing equipment in many shapes and forms, allowing you to customize your product and services to meet your needs. We offer handheld torque testing tools, digital torque testing, and even repair services. If you have concerns related to the torque of your bottles, we are confident we can address them. Contact us today to learn more about our products and services! It would be our honor to assist you.

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